Rengel + Nussbaumer, Chapter 5

In Rengel's Chapter 5, spaces beyond the room are described. These spaces are important because they also generate the successfulness of a project because of the relationships between the various spaces in the project.

Fig. 1- This hotel lobby includes seating for customers to the hotel
and customers to the restaurant and bar. The are
also multiple other groupings of sitting areas. 

Large single spaces, such as a hotel lobby/bar/restaurant can have great first impressions (Fig. 1). However, there are no hard dividers to a space like this, the furniture grouping themselves define the zones and territories. Yet, with these large single spaces, a designer will have to pay even more specific attention to furnishings and circulation.
The placement of rooms next to each other is also very important. A kitchen and a dining room are are most likely not far from each other (Fig. 2). The same goes for

Fig. 2- This residential kitchen and dining room are placed
right next to each other to increase both rooms' functionality.

a bathroom close to bedrooms. These spatial connections allow for the user to find more satisfaction in the use of their space. The function of these spaces ultimately decide how a group of people interact and need the spaces.
A space's function can be labeled as formal and informal. Whether a space is formal or informal can determine the entire aesthetic of the building (Fig. 3 +4).
Besides the rooms of a building, the spaces beyond can also decide the appearance and functionality of a building.

Fig. 4- This mall is very informal compared to the State Capital
building. Users walk around this space and may be unable to
navigate the space well. They may also be a little overwhelmed.
With informal spaces, one does not always have a
straight forward view of the room or rooms.

Fig. 3- This State Capital building is built with the
sense of mind that the function is of formal nature.
The sense of formal is reflected in the decor,
architecture, and colors. 

Fig. 5- Restrooms are shown here as
an option to how one might separate a space
based on gender differences.

In Nussbaumer's Chapter 5, diversity of humans is the main focus. All of the different factors can influence a designer's choices for a space. Ethnicity, age, gender, mental/physcial abilities, race, and sexual orientation require the most thought when planning a space with diversity in mind. Yet, there are subcategories for diversity which can include religion, income, education, first language, geographic location, military experience, communication style, organizational level, work experience, and work style.

With some of these instances certain building factors might not be affected, but there may be a need for spaces where people who are on two extremes of these dimensions of diversity can be alone, such as men and women (Fig. 5).
Religion and ethnicity would have to be almost the top two factors of diversity, at least for a function of a building. A person's religion can determine the planning of space in a building, i.e. circulation. And a person's ethnicity might demand for space to fulfill certain traditions.
All factors listed above must at least be considered when designing an area.